STAT 1010 - Fall 2022
By the end of this lesson you should:
Know how to find the mean given a probability mass or distribution function
Understand how to use multiplication and addition rules to find expected values and variance of new random variables
Find the mean, and variance for these examples:
\(20, 24, 25, 36, 25, 22, 23\)
Rolling a fair six-sided die
A stock prices (\(X\)) at these frequencies:
\(x\) | \(n\) |
---|---|
1.23 | 3 |
1.29 | 5 |
1.37 | 4 |
1.84 | 1 |
1.18 | 6 |
1.22 | 2 |
1.25 | 4 |
Total | 25 |
\(x\) | \(n\) | \(P(X) = x\) |
---|---|---|
1.23 | 3 | |
1.29 | 5 | |
1.37 | 4 | |
1.84 | 1 | |
1.18 | 6 | |
1.22 | 2 | |
1.25 | 4 | |
Total | 25 |
If we know $P(X) = x$, then we can use this to find the mean or expected value of a random variable. The pdf includes information about both the total and the number of occurrences of \(x\), it does the computation for us.
\(\mu = E(X)\)
\(= x_1p(x_1) + x_2p(x_2) + … + x_np(x_n)\)
There are different ways to define a pdf:
table
plot
## Input data
values <- c(1.23, 1.29, 1.37, 1.84, 1.18, 1.22, 1.25)
counts <- c(3, 5, 4, 1, 6, 2, 4)
d <-
as_tibble(data.frame(values, counts)) %>% # make tibble
mutate(prop = counts/sum(counts), # find proportion
part_mean = values*prop, # multiply values & prop
mean = sum(part_mean)) # find the sum
d %>%
ggplot(aes(x = values, y = prop)) + # for values and prop
geom_bar(stat = "identity") + # make bar chart of identity (prop)
geom_vline(aes(xintercept = mean, color = "red")) # and line of mean
All the stock values have increased by $5:
What happens to the mean?
What happens to the standard deviation?
\(x\) | \(x + 5\) | \(P(X) = x+5\) |
---|---|---|
1.23 | 6.23 | 0.12 |
1.29 | 6.29 | 0.20 |
1.37 | 6.37 | 0.16 |
1.84 | 6.84 | 0.04 |
1.18 | 6.18 | 0.24 |
1.22 | 6.22 | 0.08 |
1.25 | 6.25 | 0.16 |
\(E(X \pm c) = E(X) \pm c\)
\(SD(X \pm c) = SD(X)\)
\(Var(X \pm c) = Var(X)\)
Without decreasing the cost, the stock values are now 3 times what they were before:
What happens to the mean?
What happens to the standard deviation?
\(x\) | \(3x\) | \(P(X) = x\) |
---|---|---|
1.23 | 3.68 | 0.12 |
1.29 | 3.87 | 0.20 |
1.37 | 4.11 | 0.16 |
1.84 | 5.52 | 0.04 |
1.18 | 3.54 | 0.24 |
1.22 | 3.66 | 0.08 |
1.25 | 3.75 | 0.16 |
\(E(cX) = cE(X)\)
\(SD(cX) = |c|SD(X)\)
\(Var(cX) = c^2Var(X)\)
\(E(cX \pm a)=cE(X) \pm a\)
\(Var(cX \pm a)=c^2Var(X)\)
population | sample | |
---|---|---|
name | parameter | estimate |
mean | \(\mu\) | \(\bar{x}\) |
variance | \(\sigma^2\) | \(s^2\) |
standard deviation |
\(\sigma\) | \(s\) |
size | \(N\) | \(n\) |
Click here or the qr code below